The birth of traffic calming dates back to the 1960s when car ownership and car use increased significantly (Jhasz & Koren, 2016). Road congestion became a constant problem in most cities especially in Western Europe. It began as a grassroots movement. Angry Dutch residents took back their space used for roads and spread obstacles to force cars to maneuver through the area at a much slower pace. They turned streets into “woonerven” or “living yards”. This idea was to show that the space should be shared by residents and vehicles. The government took note and over the next decade they endorsed the idea. Laws and regulations were changed to permit “woonerven” designs in Germany, Sweden, Denmark, England, France, Japan, Israel, Austria, and Switzerland. By 1990, there were more than 3,500 shared streets in the Netherlands and Germany, 300 in Japan, and 600 in Israel. (Traffic Calming: State of the Practice) The primary function of traffic calming measures became to shi...